Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa)

Sambucus racemosa, commonly known as Red Elderberry, stands as one of North America’s most widespread and ecologically important native shrubs. With its distinctive pyramidal clusters of bright red berries and fast growth habit, this adaptable species ranges from coast to coast and provides crucial wildlife food across diverse ecosystems. Unlike its European relative with edible black berries, Red Elderberry produces colorful but toxic red fruits that serve as a vital resource for birds while warning mammals to avoid consumption.

Identification & Description

Red Elderberry is easily identified by its large compound leaves, creamy white flower clusters, and distinctive bright red berries arranged in pyramidal clusters.

Leaves and Growth Form

The large pinnately compound leaves consist of 5-7 serrated leaflets, each 2-6 inches long. The shrub grows rapidly, forming dense thickets through root suckers. Young stems are often reddish-brown with prominent lenticels, while older stems develop grayish bark.

Flowers and Berries

In late spring, the plant produces large, pyramidal clusters (panicles) of small, creamy white flowers. These showy clusters can be 6-8 inches long and equally wide, creating spectacular displays. By midsummer, these flowers develop into dense clusters of bright red berries that remain colorful through early fall.

Native Range

📋 Regional plant lists featuring Red Elderberry: Western Oregon & Western Washington

Ecological Role & Wildlife Value

Red Elderberry serves as a crucial wildlife species, supporting over 120 species of birds and numerous mammals through its berries, flowers, and structural habitat.

Bird Habitat

The bright red berries are consumed by thrushes, waxwings, grosbeaks, and many other songbirds. The dense growth provides excellent nesting sites, while the flowers attract insects that feed insectivorous birds. Despite being toxic to mammals, the berries are safely consumed by birds, which helps disperse seeds widely.

Pollinator Support

The large flower clusters attract numerous pollinators including native bees, butterflies, and beneficial insects. The abundant nectar and pollen provide important resources during the early summer period.

Growing & Care

Red Elderberry is relatively easy to grow and establishes quickly in appropriate conditions.

Site Requirements

Plant in partial shade to full sun with rich, moist soil. The species tolerates a wide range of soil types but performs best with consistent moisture and good drainage. It naturally occurs in forest clearings, stream edges, and disturbed areas.

Maintenance

Prune in late winter to control size and remove old canes. The plant produces suckers and can spread to form colonies, so root barriers may be needed in formal gardens. Regular watering during establishment promotes rapid growth.

Important Safety Note

While the berries are important wildlife food, they contain compounds that are toxic to humans and most mammals. Never consume the raw berries, bark, or leaves. The plant should be kept away from children and pets.

Traditional and Modern Uses

Indigenous peoples used various parts of Red Elderberry medicinally, though always with careful preparation to reduce toxicity. Today, the plant is primarily valued for wildlife habitat and native landscaping rather than human consumption.